Donkeys in the Old and Middle Kingdoms According to the Representations and Livestock Counts from Private Tombs

Autor: Miral Lashien | Strony: 121–137 | DOI: 10.12775/EtudTrav.33.008

Streszczenie

The Egyptian artist in the Old and Middle Kingdoms showed great interest in representing the details of the physical characteristics and behaviour of various animals surrounding him in the Egyptian environment. However, donkeys seem to have received less attention from the artist than other animals. The paper examines the representations of donkeys in the wall scenes of the Old and Middle Kingdom tombs, and analyses the changing interest in reflecting this animal’s physical traits and behaviour. Finally, studying the role of donkeys in the so-called livestock counts allows us to better understand the phenomenon which is observed in the iconographic sources from the period under investigation.

Bibliografia

All about Donkeys: http://www.lovelongears.com/about_donkeys2.html (accessed January 22, 2020)

Altenmüller, H. 1998: Die Wanddarstellungen im Grab des Mehu in Saqqara, ArchVer 42, Mainz a/Rhein

Badawy, A. 1978: The Tomb of Nyhetep-Ptah at Giza and the Tomb of ʿAnkhmʿahor at Saqqara, University of California Publications: Occasional Papers 11, Berkeley

Baud, M. 2006: The relative chronology of Dynasties 6 and 8, [in:] Hornung, E., Krauss, R., Warburton, D.A. (Eds), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, HbOr 83, Leiden-Boston, 144–158

Blackman, A.M. 1914: The Rock Tombs of Meir, Part I: The Tomb-Chapel of Ukh-Hotp’s Son Senbi, ASEg 22, London

Blackman, A.M. 1915: The Rock Tombs of Meir, Part II: The Tomb-Chapel of Senbi’s Son Ukh-Ḥotp (B, No. 2), ASEg 23, London

Blackman, A.M. 1924: The Rock Tombs of Meir, Part IV: The Tomb-Chapel of Pepiʿonkh the Middle Son of Sebkhotpe and Pekhernefert, ASEg 25, London

Blackman, A.M. 1953: The Rock Tombs of Meir, Part V: The Tomb-Chapels A, No. 1 (That of Ni-ʿAnkh-Pepi the Black), A, No. 2 (That of Pepiʿonkh with the ‘Good Name’ of Ḥeny the Black), A, No. 4 (That of Ḥepi the Black), D, No. 1 (That of Pepi), and E, Nos 1–4 (Those of Meniu, Nenki, Pepiʿonkh and Tjetu), ASEg 28, London

Blench, R. 2013: Wild asses and donkeys in Africa: interdisciplinary evidence for their biogeography, history and current use. Revised and updated version of a paper presented at SOAS, 9th May 2012, https://www.academia.edu/4807849/Wild_asses_and_donkeys_in_Africa_interdisciplinary_evidence_for_their_biogeoagraphy_history_and_current_use?email_work_card=view-paper (accessed April 27, 2020)

Brovarski, E. 2000: The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1: The Mastabas of Senedjemib Inti (G2370), Khnumenti (G2374) and Senedjemib Mehi (G2378), Giza Mastabas 7, Boston

Closse, K. 1998: Les ânes dans l’Égypte ancienne, Anthropozoologica 27, 27–39

Clutton-Brock, J. 1992: Horse Power. A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies, Cambridge

Clutton-Brock, J. 1999: A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals, Cambridge

Clutton-Brock, J. 2012: Animals as Domesticated. A World View through History, Michigan

Davies, N. de G. 1902: The Rock Tombs of Deir el-Gebrâwi, Part II: Tomb of Zau and Tombs of the Northern Group, ASEg 12, London

Duell, P. 1938: The Mastaba of Mereruka, Part II: Chamber A 11-13, Doorjambs and Inscriptions of Chambers A 1-21, Tomb Chamber, and Exterior, OIP 39, Chicago

Edel, E., Wenig, S. 1974: Die Jahreszeitenreliefs aus dem Sonnenheiligtum des Königs Ne-user-Re, MÄSB VII, Berlin

Evans, J.W., Borton, A., Hintz, H., Van Vleck, L.D. 1990: The Horse, New York

Evans, L. 2010: Animal Behaviour in Egyptian Art: Representations of the Natural World in Memphite Tomb Scenes, ACE-Stud. 9, Oxford

Favry, N. 2005: Le nomarque sous le règne de Sésostris Ier, Les institutions dans l’Égypte ancienne 1, Paris

Fischer, H.G. 1968: Dendera in the Third Millennium B.C. Down to the Theban Domination of Upper Egypt, New York

Fischer, H.G. 1996: The Tomb of Ip at El Saff, New York

Gardiner, A.H., Peet, T.E. 1952: The Inscriptions of Sinai, Volume 1, MEES 36, London

Gardiner, A.H., Peet, T.E. 1955: The Inscriptions of Sinai, Volume 2, MEES 45, London

Gomaà, F. 1980: Ägypten während der Ersten Zwischenzeit, TAVO 27, Wiesbaden

Harpur, Y. 1987: Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom: Studies in Orientation and Scene Content, London-New York

Harpur, Y., Scremin, P. 2006: The Chapel of Kagemni: Scene Details, Egypt in Miniature 1, Oxford

Hassan, S. 1932: Excavations at Gîza I. 1929–1930, Oxford

Hassan, S. 1944: Excavations at Gîza V. 1933–1934, Cairo

Houlihan, P.F. 1986: The Birds of Ancient Egypt, The Natural History of Egypt 1, Warminster

Junker, H. 1941: Die Mastaba des Snb (Seneb) und die umliegenden Gräber, Gîza V, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse Denkschriften 71/2, Vienna-Leipzig

Junker, H. 1953: Der Friedhof südlich der Cheopspyramide, Ostteil, Gîza XI, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse Denkschriften 74/2, Vienna

Kanawati, N. 1980: The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish, The Cemetery of Akhmim, Volume 1, Sydney

Kanawati, N. 1981: The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish, The Cemetery of Akhmim, Volume 2, Sydney

Kanawati, N. 1986: The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish: The Cemetery of Akhmim, Volume 6, Sydney

Kanawati, N. 1993: The Tombs of El-Hagarsa, Volume 1, ACER 4, Sydney

Kanawati, N. 1995: The Tombs of El-Hagarsa, Volume 3, ACER 7, Sydney

Kanawati, N. 2000: A new ḥȝt/rnpt-zp for Teti and its implication for Old Kingdom chronology, GöttMisz 177, 25–32

Kanawati, N. 2007: Mereruka and King Teti: The Power behind the Throne, Cairo

Kanawati, N. 2010: Chronology of the Old Kingdom Nobles of El-Qusiya revisited, [in:] Hawass, Z., Manuelian, P. Der, Hussein, R.B. (Eds), Perspectives on Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Edward Brovarski, ASAE-Suppl. 40, Cairo, 207–220

Kanawati, N. 2012: The Cemetery of Meir, Volume 1: The Tomb of Pepyankh the Middle, ACER 31, Oxford

Kanawati, N. 2013: Deir El-Gebrawi, Volume 3: The Southern Cliff: The Tomb of Djau/Shemai and Djau, ACER 32, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Abder-Raziq, M. 2000: The Teti Cemetery at Saqqara, Volume 6: The Tomb of Nikauisesi, ACER 14, Warminster

Kanawati, N., Abder-Raziq, M. 2003: The Unis Cemetery at Saqqara, Volume 2: The Tombs of Iynefert and Ihy (reused by Idut), ACER 19, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Evans, L. 2014a: Beni Hassan, Volume 1: The Tomb of Khnumhotep II, ACER 36, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Evans, L. 2014b: The Cemetery of Meir, Volume 2: The Tomb of Pepyankh the Black, ACER 34, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Evans, L. 2016: Beni Hassan, Volume 3: The Tomb of Amenemhat, ACER 40, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Evans, L. 2017: The Cemetery of Meir, Volume 4: The Tombs of Senbi I and Wekhhotep I, ACER 41, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Evans, L. 2018: Beni Hassan, Volume 4: The Tomb of Baqet III, ACER 42, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Evans, L., Lashien, M., Mourad, A.-L., Senussi, A. 2015: The Cemetery of Meir, Volume 3: The Tomb of Niankhpepy the Black, ACER 38, Oxford

Kanawati, N., Hassan, A. 1997: The Teti Cemetery at Saqqara, Volume 2: The Tomb of Ankhmahor, ACER 9, Warminster

Kanawati, N., McFarlane, A. 1992: Akhmim in the Old Kingdom, Part I: Chronology and Administration, ACE-Stud. 2, Sydney

Kanawati, N., McFarlane, A. 1993: Deshasha, The Tombs of Inti, Shedu and Others, ACER 5, Sydney

Kanawati, N., Woods, A. 2010: Beni Hassan: Art and Daily Life in an Egyptian Province, Cairo

Kanawati, N., Woods, A., Shafik, S., Alexakis, E. 2011: Mereruka and his Family, Part III/2: The Tomb of Mereruka, ACER 30, Oxford

Lashien, M. 2013: The Chapel of Kahai and his Family: The Tombs of Nikaiankh I, Nikaiankh II and Kaihep, ACER 33, Oxford

Lashien, M. 2017: The Nobles of El-Qusiya in the Sixth Dynasty: A Historical Study, Wallasey

Makowski, M. 2014: Terracotta Equid Figurines from Tell Arbid. New Evidence on Equids, their Equipment and Exploitation in North Mesopotamia during Third and First half of second Millennium BC, EtudTrav XXVII, 258–278

Martin-Pardey, E. 1976: Untersuchungen zur ägyptischen Provinzialverwaltung bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches, HÄB 1, Hildesheim

Mini Donkey Terms Glossary: https://minidonkeyuniversity.com/mini-donkey-terms-glossary/ (accessed January 22, 2020)

Mohr, H.T. 1943: The Mastaba of Hetep-Her-Akhti: Study on an Egyptian Tomb Chapel in the Museum of Antiquities Leiden, MVEOL 5, Leiden

Moussa, A., Altenmüller, H. 1971: The Tomb of Nefer and Ka-hay, Old Kingdom Tombs at the Causeway of King Unas at Saqqara, ArchVer 5, Mainz a/Rhein

Moussa, A., Altenmüller, H. 1977: Das Grab des Nianchchnum und Chnumhotep, ArchVer 21, Mainz a/Rhein

Newberry, P.E. 1893a: Beni Hasan, Part I, ASEg 1, London

Newberry, P.E. 1893b: Beni Hasan, Part II, ASEg 2, London

Newberry, P.E. 1895: El-Bersheh, Part I: The Tomb of Tehuti-Hetep, ASEg 3, London

Petrie, W.M.F. 1908: Athribis, BSAE 14, London

Power, R.K. 2004: Deconstructing, deciphering and dating the donkey in Old Kingdom wall painting and relief, BACE 15, 131–151

Roth, A.M. 1995: A Cemetery of Palace Attendants, Including G 2084–2099, G 2230–2231, and G 2240, Giza Mastabas 6, Boston

Simpson, W.K. 1974: Polygamy in Egypt in the Middle Kingdom?, JEA 60, 100–105

Simpson, W.K. 1980: Mastabas of the Western Cemetery, Part 1: Sekhemka, Tjetu I, Iasen, Penmeru, Hagy, Nefertjentet and Herunefer, Djaty, Tjetu II and Nemesti, Giza Mastabas 4, Boston

Smith, W.S. 1965: The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, Harmondsworth

Spanel, D. 1984: The date of Ankhtifi of Mo’alla, GöttMisz 78, 87–94

Vandier, J. 1950: Moaalla : La tombe d’Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sébekhotep, BiEtud 18, Le Caire

Verner, M. 2008: The system of dating in the Old Kingdom, [in:] Vymazalová, H., Bárta, M. (Eds), Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient Egypt (The Third Millennium B.C.), Prague, 23–43

Wild, H. 1953: Le tombeau de Ti, Fasc. II : La Chapelle (première partie), MIFAO 65/2, Le Caire

Wild, H. 1966: Le tombeau de Ti III. La Chapelle (deuxième partie), MIFAO 65/3, Le Caire

Winlock, H.E. 1942: Excavations at Deir El Bahri: 1911–1931, New York

Woods, A. 2010: A date for the tomb of Seneb at Giza: revisited, [in:] Woods, A., McFarlane, A., Binder, S. (Eds), Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati, vol. 2, ASAE-Suppl. 38, Cairo, 301–331

Yilmaz, O. 2012: Domesticated Donkey, Ankara