Pain Infliction, Inflictors and Healers in Egyptian Religious, Magical and Literary Perceptions

Autor: Amgad Joseph | Strony: 67–99 | DOI: 10.12775/EtudTrav.31.004

Streszczenie

This paper aims at discussing the aetiology, etymology, characteristics and phraseology of pain feeling, infliction and healing in ancient Egyptian religious, magical and literary texts. It examines the roles of the inflictors of pain and their effect on those who were vulnerable to their infliction. It also discusses the roles of the pain healers. Furthermore, it explains the notion of pain infliction and analyses the types of pain, revealing its experience in ancient Egypt. It discusses how it felt, was conceptualised, generated, assessed, how deities, demons, dead and living individuals inflicted and healed it. In relevant contexts, it discusses the places where pain was inflicted and the consequences of such infliction.

Bibliografia

Abbas, E. 2010: The Lake of Knives and the Lake of Fire: Studies in the Topography of Passage in Ancient Egyptian Religious Literature, BAR-IS 2144, Oxford

Allen, J. 2015: Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge

Allen, T. 1974: The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians concerning the Hereafter as Expressed in Their Own Terms, SAOC 37, Chicago

Alliot, M. 1949: Le culte d’Horus à Edfou au temps des Ptolémées 1, BiEtud 20, Le Caire

Assmann, J. 1989: State and Religion in the New Kingdom, [in:] Allen, J.P., Assmann, J., Lloyd, A.B., Ritner, R.K., Silverman, D.P. (Eds), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt, YES 3, New Haven, 55–88

Assmann, J. 1995: Egyptian Solar Religion in the New Kingdom. Re, Amun and the Crisis of Polytheism, London-New York

Assmann, J. 2003: The Mind of Egypt. History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs, Cambridge-London

Assmann, J. 2005: Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, Ithaca-London

Barns, J. (Ed.) 1956: Five Ramesseum Papyri, Oxford

Becker, M. 2011: Persönaliche Frömmigkeit – Ein gesellschaftliches Phänomen in der Aufarb - eitung von Krisensituationen, [in:] Friese, W., Greve, A., Kleibl, K., Lahn, K. (Eds), Persönliche Frömmigkeit: Funktion und Bedeutung individueller Gotteskontakte im interdisziplinären Dialog; Akten der Tagung am Archäologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg (25. – 27. November 2010), Hephaistos (B) 28, Berlin

Bell, L. 1985: Aspects of the Cult of the Deifi ed Tutankhamun, [in:] Posener-Kriéger, P. (Ed.), Mélanges Gamal Eddin Mokhtar 1, BiEtud 97, Le Caire, 31–59

Borghouts, J.F. 1970: The Magical Texts of Papyrus Leiden I 348, OMRO 51, Leiden

Borghouts, J.F. 1978: Ancient Egyptian Magical Texts, NISABA 9, Leiden

Borghouts, J.F. 1982: Divine Intervention in Ancient Egypt and its Manifestation (bAw), [in:] Demarée, R., Janssen, J. (Eds), Gleanings from Deir El-Medîna, EgUit 1, Leiden, 1–70

Borghouts, J.F. 2007: Book of the Dead (39): From Shouting to Structure, SAT 10, Wiesbaden

Breasted, J.H. 1991: The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: Hieroglyphic Transliteration, Translation, and Commentary, OIP 3, Chicago

Brunner, H. 1982: Persönliche Frömmigkeit, [in:] LÄ IV, 951–963

Brunner-Traut, E. 1977: Farben, [in:] LÄ II, 117–128

Bryan, B. 1991: The Reign of Thutmose IV, Baltimore-London

Buck, A. de 1948: Egyptian Readingbook. Exercises and Middle Egyptian Texts, Leiden

Buck, A. de 1949: The Earliest Version of Book of the Dead 78, JEA 35, 87–97

Carrier, C. 2004a: Textes des sarcophages du Moyen Empire égyptien 1, Monaco

Carrier, C. 2004b: Textes des sarcophages du Moyen Empire égyptien 2, Monaco

Carrier, C. 2009: Le Livre des Morts de l’Egypte ancienne, Paris

Carrier, C. 2010a: Textes des pyramides de l’Égypte ancienne II: Textes de la pyramide de Pépy Ier, Paris

Carrier, C. 2010b: Textes des pyramides de l’Égypte ancienne IV: Textes des pyramides de Mérenrê, d’Aba, de Neit, d’Ipout et d’Oudjebten, Paris

Chassinat, E. 1909: La seconde trouvaille de Deir el-Bahari (5 février 1891) : Sarcophages, Le Caire

Chassinat, E. 1910–1939: Le Mammisi d’Edfou, MMAF 16, Le Caire

Collier, M., Quirke, S. (Eds) 2002: The UCL Lahun Papyri: Letters, BAR-IS 1083, Oxford

Cornelius, I. 1994: The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baal. Late Bronze and Iron Age Periods (c 1500 – 1000 BCE), OBO 140, Fribourg

Cruz-Uribe, E. 1988: Hibis Temple Project. Translations, Commentary, Discussions and Sign List 1, San Antonio

Daressy, G. 1898: Notes et remarques, RecTrav 20, 72–86

Daressy, G. 1910: Neith protectrice du sommeil, ASAE X, 177–179

David, A. 2000: De l’infériorité à la perturbation: l’oiseau du « mal » et la catégorisation en Egypte ancienne, GOF IV/38, Wiesbaden

Deines, H. von, Westendorf, W. 1961: Wörterbuch der medizinischen Texte. Erste Hälfte (A-r), Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter VII, Berlin

Deines, H. von, Westendorf, W. 1962: Wörterbuch der medizinischen Texte. Zweite Hälfte (h-D), Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter VII, Berlin

Edwards, I. 1960: Oracular Amuletic Decrees of the Late New Kingdom 1–2, HPBM 4, London

El-Sayed, R. 1982: La déesse Neith de Saïs. Documentation 2, BiEtud 86, Le Caire

Enmarch, R. 2005: The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All, Oxford

Enmarch, R. 2008: A World Upturned: Commentary on and Analysis of The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All, Oxford-New York

Faulkner, R. 1930: A Misconstrued Particle in the Pyramid Texts, JEA 16, 171–172

Faulkner, R. 1934: The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys, [in:] Mélanges Maspero I: Orient ancien, MIFAO 66, Le Caire, 337–348

Faulkner, R. 1969: The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Oxford

Faulkner, R. 1972a: A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford

Faulkner, R. 1972b: Coffin Texts 313, JEA 58, 91–94

Faulkner, R. 1973: The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts I. Spells 1–354, Warminster

Faulkner, R. 1977: The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts II. Spells 355–787, Warminster

Faulkner, R. 1978: The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts III. Spells 788–1185 & Index, Warminster

Faulkner, R. 1985: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, London

Faulkner, R., Goelet, O. 1998: The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day. Being the Papyrus of Ani (Royal Scribe of the Divine Offerings), San Francisco

Fischer, H.G. 1964: Inscriptions from the Coptite Nome, Dynasties VI–XI, AnOr 40, Roma

Galán, J.M. 1999: Seeing Darkness, ChronEg LXXIV/147, 18–30

Gardiner, A. 1909: The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage from a Hieratic Papyrus in Leiden (Pap. Leiden 344 recto), Leipzig

Gardiner, A. (Ed.) 1935: Chester Beatty Gift, HPBM 3, London

Gardiner, A. 1962: The Gods of Thebes as Guarantors of Personal Property, JEA 48, 57–69

Gardiner, A., Sethe, K.H. 1928: Egyptian Letters to the Dead: Mainly from the Old and Middle Kingdoms, London

Ghalioungui, P. 1987: The Ebers Papyrus: A New English Translation, Commentaries and Glossaries, Cairo

Gillam, R. 1995: Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance, JARCE XXXII, 211–237

Giveon, R. 1980: Review Article. Resheph in Egypt, JEA 66, 144–150

Goyon, J. 1978: Hededyt: Isis-scorpion et Isis au scorpion. En marge du Papyrus de Brooklyn 47.218.50 – III, BIFAO 78, 439–458

Grapow, H. 1958: Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter. V. Die medizinischen Texte in hieroglyphischer Umschreibung autographiert, Berlin

Griffith, F.L. 1898: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob (Principally of the Middle Kingdom): The Petrie Papyri, London

Griffiths, J. 1988: Intimations in Egyptian Non-Royal Biography of a Belief in Divine Impact on Human Affairs, [in:] Baines, J., James, T., Leahy, A., Shore, A. (Eds), Pyramid Studies and Other Essays Presented to I. E. S. Edwards, EES 7, London, 92–102

Guerry, E. 2007: Controlling Human Suffering: Terminology of Divine Mercy in Ancient Egypt and in Ancient Israel, BACE 18, 109–123

Gunn, B. 1934: The Berlin Statue of Harwa and Some Notes on Other Harwa Statues, BIFAO 34, 135–142

Hannig, R. 1995: Die Sprache der Pharaonen: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800-950 v. Chr.), KAW 64, Mainz a/Rhein

Hannig, R. 2006: Ägyptisches Wörterbuch II: Mittleres Reich und Zweite Zwischenzeit, Mainz a/Rhein

Hart, G. 2005: The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, London-New York

Hayes, W. 1973: Egypt: Internal Affairs from Tuthmosis I to the Death of Amenophis III,[in:] Edwards, I. et al. (Eds), CAH 2, Cambridge, 313–416

Helck, W. 1970: Die Prophezeiung des Nfr.tj, KÄT 2, Wiesbaden

Hoch, J. 1994: Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton

Hornung, E. 1979: Das Totenbuch der Ägypter, Zürich

Hornung, E. 1982: Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many, London

Hornung, E. 1990: The Valley of the Kings: Horizon of Eternity, New York

Hornung, E., Abt, T. 2007: The Egyptian Amduat. The Book of the Hidden Chamber, Zürich

Hornung, E., Abt, T. 2014: The Egyptian Book of the Gates, Zürich

Janssen, J. 1991: Late Ramesside Letters and Communications, HPBM 6, London

Jüergens, P. 1995: Grundlinien einer Überlieferungsgeschichte der altägyptischen Sargtexte. Stemmata und Archetypen der Spruchgruppen 30–32 + 33–37, 75(–83), 162+164, 225+226 und 343+345, GOF 31, Wiesbaden

Kákosy, L. 1977: Ein literarisch-mythologisches Motiv: Osiris als Gott des Kampfes und der Rache, [in:] Assmann, J., Feucht, E., Grieshammer, R. (Eds), Fragen an die altägyptischen Literatur. Studien zum Gedenken an Eberhard Otto, Wiesbaden, 285–288

Karenga, M. 2004: Maat, the Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt: A Study in Classical African Ethics, New York-London

Kolta, K.S., Tessenow, H. 2000: „Schmerzen“, „Schmerzstoffe“ oder „Fäulnisprinzip“? Zur Bedeutung von wxdw, einem zentralen Terminus der altägyptischen Medizin, ZÄS 127, 38–52

Leclant, J. 1961: Montouemhat, Quatrième Prophête D’Amon, Prince de la Ville, BiEtud 35, Le Caire

Leitz, C. 1999: Magical and Medical Papyri of the New Kingdom, HPBM 7, London

Lesko, L.H., Lesko, B.S. (Eds) 2004: A Dictionary of Late Egyptian 2, Berkeley

Lichtheim, M. 1973: Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings I. The Old and Middle Kingdoms, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London

Lichtheim, M. 1976: Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings II. The New Kingdom, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London

Lichtheim, M. 1980: Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings III. The Late Period, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London

Lieven, A. von 2015: Antisocial gods?, [in:] Nyord, R., Ryholt, K. (Eds), Lotus and Laurel: Studies on Egyptian Language and Religion in Honour of Paul John Frandsen, CNIP 39, Copenhagen, 181–208

Massart, A. 1954: The Leiden Magical Papyrus, I 343 + I 345, Leiden

Mathieu, B. 1999: Les contes du Papyrus Westcar : une interpretation, EAO 15, 29–40

Meeks, D. 1996: Daily life of the Egyptian Gods, London

Moran, W.L. 1992: The Amarna Letters, Baltimore-London

Möller, G. 1961: Hieratische Lesestücke für den Akademischen Gebrauch. Zweites Heft. Literarische Texte des Neuen Reiches, Berlin

Müller, D. 1961: Ägypten und die griechischen Isis-Aretalogien, AAWL 53/1, Berlin

Münnich, M. 2013: The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East, Tübingen

Nunn, J.F. 1996: Ancient Egyptian Medicine, London

Nyord, R. 2009: Breathing Flesh: Conceptions of the Body in the Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, CNIP 37, Copenhagen

Ockinga, B. 1983: The Burden of Kha-kheperre-sonbu, JEA 69, 88–95

O’Connor, D.B. 2015: An Expanding Worldview: Conquest, Colonization, and Coexistence, [in:] Oppenheim, A., Arnold, D., Yamamoto, K. (Eds), Ancient Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom, New York, 160–163

Osing, J., Rosati, G. 1998: Papiri geroglifi ci e ieratici da Tebtynis, Firenze

Parkinson, R. 1997a: The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, 1940–1640 BC, Oxford

Parkinson, R.B. 1997b: The Text of Khakheperreseneb: New Readings of EA 5645, and an Unpublished Ostracon, JEA 83, 55–68

Piankoff , A. 1942: Le livre du jour et de la nuit avec un chapitre sur l’écriture énigmatique, BiEtud 13, Le Caire

Piankoff , A., Rambova, N. 1957: Mythological Papyri, Texts, BollSer XL/3, New York

Quack, J.F. 1992: Studien zur Lehre für Merikare, GOF IV/23, Wiesbaden

Quirke, S. 2004: Egyptian Literature 1800 BC: Questions and Readings, GHP Egyptology 2, London

Quirke, S. 2013: Going out in Daylight: prt m hrw. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Translation, Sources, Meanings, GHP Egyptology 20, London

Raven, M. 2012: Egyptian Magic: The Quest for Thoth’s Book of Secrets, Cairo

Redford, D. 1984: Akhenaten, the Heretic King, Cairo

Resche, R. 2016: Le papyrus médical Edwin Smith: chirurgie et magie en Egypte antique, Paris

Ritner, R. 1993: The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice, SAOC 54, Chicago

Ritner, R. 2009: The Libyan Anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period, Atlanta

Roberts, A. 2000: My Heart My Mother. Death and Rebirth in Ancient Egypt, Rottingdean

Sadek, A. 1987: Popular Religion in Egypt during the New Kingdom, HÄB 27, Hildesheim

Schneider, T. 2013: Ancient Egypt Investigated: 101 Important Questions and Intriguing Answers, London-New York

Stevens, A. 2006: Private Religion at Amarna: The Material Evidence, Oxford

Strandburg, A. 2009: The Gazelle in Ancient Egyptian Art. Image and Meaning, USE 6, Uppsala

Strouhal, E., Vachala, B., Vymazalová, H. 2014: The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians. Surgery, Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Paediatrics, Cairo-New York

Szpakowska, K. 2003: Behind Closed Eyes. Dreams and Nightmares in Ancient Egypt, Swansea

Troy, L. 2015: How to Treat a Lady: Reflections on the ‘notorious’ P. Leiden I 371, [in:] Nyord, R., Ryholt, K. (Eds), Lotus and Laurel: Studies on Egyptian Language and Religion in Honour of Paul John Frandsen, CNIP 39, Copenhagen, 403–418

Verner, M., Callender, V., Strouhal, E. 2002: Djedkare’s Family Cemetery, Abusir 6, Prague

Vernus, P. 1979: Un décret de Thoutmosis III relatif à la santé publique (P. Berlin 3049, vo XVIII-XIX), Orientalia 48/2, 176–184

Ward, W.A. 1980: Egypto-Semitic mr, “be better, strong”, UgForsch 12, 357–360

Wente, E. 1967: Late Ramesside Letters, SAOC 33, Chicago

Wente, E. 1975–1976: A Misplaced Letter to the Dead, OLP 6/7, 595–600

Willems, H. 1996: The Coffin of Heqata (Cairo JdE 36418). A Case Study of Egyptian Funerary Culture of the Early Middle Kingdom, OLA 70, Leuven

Willems, H. (Ed.) 2001: Social Aspects of Funerary Culture in the Egyptian Old and Middle Kingdoms: Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Leiden University 6–7 June, 1996, OLA 103, Leuven-Paris

Wilson, P. 1997: A Ptolemaic Lexikon. A Lexicographical Study of the Texts in the Temple of Edfu, OLA 78, Leuven

Yamazaki, N. (Ed.) 2003: Zaubersprüche für Mutter und Kind: Papyrus Berlin 3027, Achet. Schriften zur Ägyptologie B 2, Berlin

Žabkar, L. 1988: Hymns to Isis in her Temple at Philae, Hanover-London

Zandee, J. 1977: Death as an Enemy, according to Ancient Egyptian Conceptions, New York

Ziegler, C. 2008: Queens of Egypt: From Hetepheres to Cleopatra, Monaco